Contaminación por metales pesados del sistema de drenaje Río Chilco - Río Tupiza, Sur de Bolivia
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Ecología en Bolivia
Abstract
Las operaciones mineras antiguas son conocidas por haber vertido significativas, pero no cuantificadas, cantidades de sedimentos asociados con metales a las cabeceras del Río Tupiza en la región sur de Bolivia. Esta investigación utilizó el enfoque geomorfológico-geoquímico para determinar el impacto de la minería en la calidad de sedimentos dentro del sistema fluvial. Los patrones espaciales de los elementos traza contenidos en los sedimentos indican que Pb, Zn, Cu, Sb, Sn y As son predominantemente derivados de tres cuencas tributarias que incluyen las minas Abaroa, Chilcobija y el Distrito Minero Tatasi-Portugalete. Los patrones geográficos en las concentraciones de metales traza, aguas abajo de cada tributario, reflejan procesos geomorfológicos locales que cambian a lo largo del valle del río. Las concentraciones de metales traza en áreas drenadas por el río Chilco decrecen rápidamente valle abajo como resultado de la dilución por mezcla de sedimentos no contaminados y almacenaje de partículas enriquecidas en metales (p.e. minerales sulfurosos) en el lecho de canal como resultado de un episodio aún activo de agradación. Estos procesos redujeron significativamente la dispersión y, de esta manera, los potenciales efectos ambientales de la minería asociados al vertido de metales traza a las cuencas, incluyendo los que están asociados con la erosión de colas y relaves de Mina Abaroa ocurridos durante una inundación el año 2003. En contraste, los cambios de concentración en sedimentos de canal ubicados aguas abajo a lo largo del curso del Río Tupiza son mínimos y es donde cantidades más grandes de metales traza son almacenadas en depósitos de llanura aluvial en tanto la degradación habría sido menos significativa. Además, los suelos desarrollados en las llanuras aluviales en esta área localmente contienen concentraciones de Pb, Zn y Sb que exceden los valores parámetros para suelos de uso agrícola de Canadá, Alemania y Holanda.
Historic mining operations are known to have released significant, but unquantified, amounts of sediment-borne trace metals into the headwaters of the Rio Tupiza of southern Bolivia. This investigation utilized a geomorphological-geochemical approach to determine the impact of mining on sediment quality within the river system. Spatial patterns in sediment-borne trace metal concentrations indicate that Pb, Zn, Cu, Sb, Sn, and As are predominantly derived from three tributary basins possessing the Abaroa, Chilcobija, and Tatasi-Portugalete mining districts. Downstream of each tributary, geographical patterns in trace metal concentrations reflect local geomorphic processes that change along the river valley. Trace metal concentrations in upstream areas drained by the Rio Chilco decrease rapidly downvalley as a result of dilution by uncontaminated sediments and storage of metal enriched particles (e.g., sulfide minerals) in the channel bed as a result of an ongoing episode of channel bed aggradation. These processes significantly reduced the dispersal and, thus, the potential environmental affects of mining related trace metals released to the basin, including those associated with tailings eroded from the AbarÃa Mine during a flood in 2003. In contrast, downstream changes in concentration are minimal in channel sediments located along downstream reaches of the Rio Tupiza where larger quantities of trace metals are stored in floodplain deposits and aggradation has been less significant. Moreover, soils developed on the floodplains in this area locally contain Pb, Zn, and Sb concentrations that exceed Canadian, German, and Dutch guidelines for agricultural use.
Historic mining operations are known to have released significant, but unquantified, amounts of sediment-borne trace metals into the headwaters of the Rio Tupiza of southern Bolivia. This investigation utilized a geomorphological-geochemical approach to determine the impact of mining on sediment quality within the river system. Spatial patterns in sediment-borne trace metal concentrations indicate that Pb, Zn, Cu, Sb, Sn, and As are predominantly derived from three tributary basins possessing the Abaroa, Chilcobija, and Tatasi-Portugalete mining districts. Downstream of each tributary, geographical patterns in trace metal concentrations reflect local geomorphic processes that change along the river valley. Trace metal concentrations in upstream areas drained by the Rio Chilco decrease rapidly downvalley as a result of dilution by uncontaminated sediments and storage of metal enriched particles (e.g., sulfide minerals) in the channel bed as a result of an ongoing episode of channel bed aggradation. These processes significantly reduced the dispersal and, thus, the potential environmental affects of mining related trace metals released to the basin, including those associated with tailings eroded from the AbarÃa Mine during a flood in 2003. In contrast, downstream changes in concentration are minimal in channel sediments located along downstream reaches of the Rio Tupiza where larger quantities of trace metals are stored in floodplain deposits and aggradation has been less significant. Moreover, soils developed on the floodplains in this area locally contain Pb, Zn, and Sb concentrations that exceed Canadian, German, and Dutch guidelines for agricultural use.
Description
Vol. 42, No. 1