Influencia de la salinidad sobre el desarrollo de seis especies forrajeras en dos técnicas de implementación, cuenca baja del Río Lauca
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J. Selva Andina Biosph.
Abstract
La acumulación de sales solubles en la zona de raíces de las plantas, limita en gran medida la producción de forrajes en muchas partes del mundo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la salinidad sobre el desarrollo de las especies forrajeras entre las técnicas de siembra y trasplante. La investigación se realizó a 204 km de la ciudad de Oruro, Bolivia, específicamente en la cuenca baja de río Lauca del territorio de Uru Chipaya a 3640 msnm de altitud, geográficamente entre las coordenadas 19°02'17,40" Latitud Sud y 68°05'16,05" Longitud Oeste; temperatura media anual de 10.4 °C, precipitación de 200 a 4000 mm, humedad relativa 70%. Se utilizó seis especies forrajeras: cola de ratón (Hordeum muticum J. Presl), cebadilla INTA (Bromus sp.), cebadilla nativa (Bromus catharticus Vahl.), festuca alta (Festuca arundinacea Schreber), alkar (Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv.) y pasto llorón (Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees). Las variables evaluadas fueron: emergencia, mortalidad, altura planta (AP), número macollas (NM) y materia seca (MS). Se utilizó un diseño experimental bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones por especie. En trasplante presentaron alta significancia entre las especies, y tuvieron un comportamiento mejor que la técnica de siembra, la AP, NM y MS fueron superiores y la mortalidad fue mínima en todas, la B. catharticus Vahl en 7 dS m-1 presentó la mayor biomasa con 166.00 kg MS ha-1, pero a 16 y 22 dS m-1 fue afectada gradualmente que solo alcanzó 161.33 y 151.33 kg MS ha-1 respectivamente. En la siembra también presentaron diferencias significativas las variables mencionadas, pero fueron inferiores que el trasplante; la especie del trasplante que mostró mejor biomasa en 7 y 16 dS m-1, fue la misma que presentó mayor biomasa de 109.33 y 107.67 kg MS ha-1 respectivamente, pero a 22 dS m-1 no lograron emerger ninguna especie. Se concluye, niveles altos de salinidad afectan negativamente sobre la germinación, emergencia y desarrollo de las plántulas, con mayor grado en siembra que en trasplante. La mejor opción para implementar especies forrajeras en suelos salinos es mediante la técnica de trasplante de plántulas.
The accumulation of soluble salts in the root zone of plants greatly limits the production of fodder in many parts of the world. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of salinity on the development of forage species among planting and transplantation techniques. The research was carried out 204 kilometers from the city of Oruro, Bolivia, specifically in the lower Lauca river basin of the territory of Uru Chipaya at 3640 altitude msnm, geographically between the coordinates 19°02'17,40" Latitude Sud and 68°05'16,05" West Longitude; average annual temperature of 10.4 °C, precipitation from 200 to 4000 mm, relative humidity 70%. Six forage species were used: mouse tail (Hordeum muticum J. Presl), cebadilla INTA (Bromus sp.), native cebadilla (bromus catharticus Vahl.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber), alkar (Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv.) and weeping grass (Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees). The variables evaluated were: emergence, mortality, plant height (PH), number of macules (NM) and dry matter (DM). A randomized full block experimental design was used with four repetitions per species. In transplant they presented high significance among the species, and had a better behavior than the sowing technique, the PH, NM and DM were superior and the mortality was minimal in all, B. catharticus Vahl in 7 dS m-¹ presented the highest biomass with 166.00 kg DM ha-1, but at 16 and 22 dS m-1 it was gradually affected that only reached 161.33 and 151.33 kg DM ha-1 respectively. In the sowing the mentioned variables also presented significant differences, but they were lower than the transplant; the species of the transplant that showed better biomass in 7 and 16 dS m-1, was the same that presented bigger biomass of 109.33 and 107.67 kg DM ha-1 respectively, but at 22 dS m-1 they did not manage to emerge any species. It is concluded, high levels of salinity affect negatively on the germination, emergence and development of the seedlings, with a higher degree in sowing than in transplanting. The best option to implement forage species in saline soils is through the technique of seedling transplantation.
The accumulation of soluble salts in the root zone of plants greatly limits the production of fodder in many parts of the world. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of salinity on the development of forage species among planting and transplantation techniques. The research was carried out 204 kilometers from the city of Oruro, Bolivia, specifically in the lower Lauca river basin of the territory of Uru Chipaya at 3640 altitude msnm, geographically between the coordinates 19°02'17,40" Latitude Sud and 68°05'16,05" West Longitude; average annual temperature of 10.4 °C, precipitation from 200 to 4000 mm, relative humidity 70%. Six forage species were used: mouse tail (Hordeum muticum J. Presl), cebadilla INTA (Bromus sp.), native cebadilla (bromus catharticus Vahl.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber), alkar (Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv.) and weeping grass (Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees). The variables evaluated were: emergence, mortality, plant height (PH), number of macules (NM) and dry matter (DM). A randomized full block experimental design was used with four repetitions per species. In transplant they presented high significance among the species, and had a better behavior than the sowing technique, the PH, NM and DM were superior and the mortality was minimal in all, B. catharticus Vahl in 7 dS m-¹ presented the highest biomass with 166.00 kg DM ha-1, but at 16 and 22 dS m-1 it was gradually affected that only reached 161.33 and 151.33 kg DM ha-1 respectively. In the sowing the mentioned variables also presented significant differences, but they were lower than the transplant; the species of the transplant that showed better biomass in 7 and 16 dS m-1, was the same that presented bigger biomass of 109.33 and 107.67 kg DM ha-1 respectively, but at 22 dS m-1 they did not manage to emerge any species. It is concluded, high levels of salinity affect negatively on the germination, emergence and development of the seedlings, with a higher degree in sowing than in transplanting. The best option to implement forage species in saline soils is through the technique of seedling transplantation.
Description
Vol. 8, No. 2