The Impact of Migration on Foreign Trade in Bolivia
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rlde
Abstract
A pesar de que la relación entre migración y comercio exterior no fue estudiada extensamente, resultados empíricos muestran que importantes factores determinantes del comercio pueden ser omitidos si factores adicionales, incluyendo la migración, no son considerados. Este documento testea la significancia de la migración sobre el comercio internacional en una economía pequeña como es la boliviana. Medimos el impacto de tanto de la inmigración como de la emigración sobre las importaciones, las exportaciones y el comercio intra-industria, para lo cual utilizamos modelos de gravedad. Asimismo, controlamos otros aspectos importantes, como el tamaño de la economía estudiada, la ubicación geográfica de los países con los cuales se comercia y los cambios en los términos de intercambio. Los resultados muestran un impacto relativamente similar de la emigración y la inmigración sobre el comercio, confirmando también para Bolivia el efecto positivo encontrado en la literatura, a pesar que los flujos migratorios no son tan grandes como los que existen en otros países. Sin embargo de que la elasticidad de las importaciones es ligeramente superior, todas las elasticidades estimadas se encuentran cercanas a los valores encontrados en la literatura. Encontramos un efecto positivo de los flujos de migración también en el comercio intra-industria. Sorprendentemente, el impacto es mayor en el flujo de emigrantes que en el flujo de inmigrantes. Las estimaciones muestran que existe un efecto positivo de la migración sobre el comercio internacional aun si la proporción de migrantes es relativamente baja.
While the causal relationship between migration and trade has not been studied thoroughly, estimation results of empirical studies suggest that important aspects determining trade volumes can be missed if additional factors, including migration, are not considered. The current paper aims at testing the impact of migration on foreign trade in a small economy like Bolivia. We test the impact of both, immigration and emigration on exports and imports and also on intra-industry trade. We use gravity model approach to this end. We control for the economic size and geographical location of trade partners, and for changes in terms of trade. Our results show relatively similar impact of both immigration and emigration on foreign trade, confirming positive significant effect of immigration on exports and imports also in Bolivia, even when the migration flows in Bolivia are not as high as in the case of most countries analyzed previously. The imports elasticities are slightly higher; both elasticities are closer to the lower margin of the range based on previous studies. We can conclude positive effect of migration flows also on intra-industry trade, somewhat surprisingly the impact of emigration being much higher than that of immigration. Our estimation results on Bolivia show that migration has effect on foreign trade, even if the share of migrants in the population is low.
While the causal relationship between migration and trade has not been studied thoroughly, estimation results of empirical studies suggest that important aspects determining trade volumes can be missed if additional factors, including migration, are not considered. The current paper aims at testing the impact of migration on foreign trade in a small economy like Bolivia. We test the impact of both, immigration and emigration on exports and imports and also on intra-industry trade. We use gravity model approach to this end. We control for the economic size and geographical location of trade partners, and for changes in terms of trade. Our results show relatively similar impact of both immigration and emigration on foreign trade, confirming positive significant effect of immigration on exports and imports also in Bolivia, even when the migration flows in Bolivia are not as high as in the case of most countries analyzed previously. The imports elasticities are slightly higher; both elasticities are closer to the lower margin of the range based on previous studies. We can conclude positive effect of migration flows also on intra-industry trade, somewhat surprisingly the impact of emigration being much higher than that of immigration. Our estimation results on Bolivia show that migration has effect on foreign trade, even if the share of migrants in the population is low.
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No. 6