Identificación de perfiles de países en función de variables económicas, mediante análisis de componentes principales (ACP)
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RevActaNova.
Abstract
Resumen: En un mundo globalizado y altamente competitivo, comprender los factores que impulsan el crecimiento económico de los países es fundamental para identificar patrones de desarrollo y oportunidades de innovación. En este contexto, el Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) se presenta como una herramienta eficaz para examinar cómo distintas variables económicas influyen en la evolución de las economías a nivel mundial. Este estudio analiza 170 países de todo el mundo y se enfoca en ocho variables clave, incluyendo la contribución de la agricultura, los servicios, la distribución del empleo en estos sectores y la esperanza de vida. El objetivo es identificar y caracterizar a los países en función de estas variables y a través del ACP, se lograron determinar dos componentes principales que explican la modernización económica de los países. El primero refleja el proceso de transición desde una economía agrícola hacia una basada en el sector servicios, mientras que el segundo muestra la diversificación económica como un factor esencial en el desarrollo sostenido. En este sentido el análisis muestra que el 82,227% de la varianza del modelo se explica por el crecimiento económico, sumado a la inversión en sectores de servicios, factores clave para impulsar un crecimiento sostenible algo destacable en economías avanzadas como Europa Occidental, Asia Oriental y América del norte, mientras que países que se encuentran en Asia Meridional y países de Sueste Asiático aún enfrentan dificultades para diversificar su economía y desvincularse de la dependencia del sector primario para mejorar su progreso. Así como los países de América Latina y África enfrentan desafíos similares. En el Medio Oriente, países como Qatar y Emiratos Árabes han demostrado avances significativos a través de una inversión en sectores de servicios. Si bien se observan diferencias significativas entre economías avanzadas, con un fuerte sector de servicios e industrialización, también se ven aquellas que aún dependen de la agricultura. Bolivia se encuentra en una posición intermedia, con una economía en transición que enfrenta desafíos en diversificación e industrialización. Los resultados permiten comprender cómo distintos factores económicos influyen en el crecimiento y la calidad de vida de los países, proporcionando información clave para el análisis y formulación de políticas económicas. El enfoque metodológico empleado fue un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y no experimental, empleando técnicas multivariantes como el Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). Para el procesamiento de datos, se utilizaron los softwares estadísticos SPSS y Excel.
Abstract: In a globalized and highly competitive world, understanding the factors that drive countries' economic growth is essential for identifying development patterns and opportunities for innovation. In this context, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is presented as an effective tool for examining how different economic variables influence the evolution of economies worldwide. This study analyzes 170 countries around the world and focuses on eight key variables, including the contribution of agriculture, services, the distribution of employment in these sectors, and life expectancy. The objective is to identify and characterize countries based on these variables. Through PCA, two principal components were identified that explain countries' economic modernization. The first reflects the transition process from an agricultural economy to one based on the services sector, while the second shows economic diversification as an essential factor in sustained development. In this regard, the analysis shows that 82.227% of the model's variance is explained by economic growth, coupled with investment in service sectors. These are key factors for driving sustainable growth, something notable in advanced economies such as Western Europe, East Asia, and North America. While countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia still struggle to diversify their economies and break away from dependence on the primary sector to improve their progress, countries in Latin America and Africa face similar challenges. In the Middle East, countries such as Qatar and the United Arab Emirates have demonstrated significant progress through investment in service sectors. While significant differences are observed between advanced economies, with a strong service sector and industrialization, there are also differences among those that still depend on agriculture. Bolivia is in an intermediate position, with an economy in transition that faces challenges in diversification and industrialization. The results provide insight into how different economic factors influence countries' growth and quality of life, providing key information for economic analysis and policymaking. The methodological approach employed was a quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental study, employing multivariate techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA). SPSS and Excel statistical software were used for data processing.
Abstract: In a globalized and highly competitive world, understanding the factors that drive countries' economic growth is essential for identifying development patterns and opportunities for innovation. In this context, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is presented as an effective tool for examining how different economic variables influence the evolution of economies worldwide. This study analyzes 170 countries around the world and focuses on eight key variables, including the contribution of agriculture, services, the distribution of employment in these sectors, and life expectancy. The objective is to identify and characterize countries based on these variables. Through PCA, two principal components were identified that explain countries' economic modernization. The first reflects the transition process from an agricultural economy to one based on the services sector, while the second shows economic diversification as an essential factor in sustained development. In this regard, the analysis shows that 82.227% of the model's variance is explained by economic growth, coupled with investment in service sectors. These are key factors for driving sustainable growth, something notable in advanced economies such as Western Europe, East Asia, and North America. While countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia still struggle to diversify their economies and break away from dependence on the primary sector to improve their progress, countries in Latin America and Africa face similar challenges. In the Middle East, countries such as Qatar and the United Arab Emirates have demonstrated significant progress through investment in service sectors. While significant differences are observed between advanced economies, with a strong service sector and industrialization, there are also differences among those that still depend on agriculture. Bolivia is in an intermediate position, with an economy in transition that faces challenges in diversification and industrialization. The results provide insight into how different economic factors influence countries' growth and quality of life, providing key information for economic analysis and policymaking. The methodological approach employed was a quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental study, employing multivariate techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA). SPSS and Excel statistical software were used for data processing.
Description
Vol. 12, No. 1