Determinantes sociales y su influencia en la anemia de niños menores de 5 años en barrios urbano marginales de Puno, 2024
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Vive Rev. Salud
Abstract
La anemia infantil es un problema de salud pública crítico en Puno, Perú, con impactos significativos en el desarrollo físico y cognitivo de los niños. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los determinantes sociales y su relación con la incidencia de anemia en menores de 5 años en zonas urbano-marginales de la ciudad. Materiales y Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de enfoque mixto, combinando un diseño cuasi-experimental longitudinal (2019-2024) y un análisis transversal en una muestra de 120 niños. Se recopilaron datos bioquímicos, antropométricos y socioeconómicos mediante cuestionarios a los padres. El estado nutricional se evaluó usando los indicadores Talla/Edad y Peso/Talla, y se aplicó el análisis de correlación de Spearman para determinar asociaciones entre los determinantes sociales y la nutrición infantil. Resultados: La prevalencia total de anemia fue de 80.7%, siendo predominantemente moderada (54.7%). Se evidenció una doble carga de malnutrición: desnutrición crónica (Talla/Edad < -2 DE) en 40.7% y desnutrición aguda (Peso/Talla < -2 DE) en 23.3%. Se encontró una asociación positiva y significativa entre determinantes sociales (educación y economía familiar) y estado nutricional (rho = 0.350; p = 0.002). Además, el deterioro de Talla/Edad se agravó con la edad (p = 0.035), indicando un daño acumulativo. Aunque los niveles promedio de hemoglobina mejoraron ligeramente de 5.8 g/dL en 2019 a 7.2 g/dL en 2024, permanecen insuficientes. Conclusiones: Los determinantes sociales constituyen factores clave en la persistencia de la anemia infantil. Las intervenciones focalizadas resultan insuficientes, lo que evidencia la necesidad urgente de un abordaje multisectorial integral para mitigar este problema estructural en zonas urbano-marginales de Puno.
Childhood anemia is a critical public health problem in Puno, Peru, with significant impacts on children's physical and cognitive development. This study aimed to analyze the social determinants and their relationship with the incidence of anemia in children under 5 years of age in marginal urban areas of the city. Materials and Methods: A mixed-method study was developed, combining a longitudinal quasi-experimental design (2019-2024) and a cross-sectional analysis in a sample of 120 children. Biochemical, anthropometric, and socioeconomic data were collected through questionnaires administered to parents. Nutritional status was assessed using height-for-age and weight-for-height indicators, and Spearman's correlation analysis was applied to determine associations between social determinants and child nutrition. Results: The total prevalence of anemia was 80.7%, predominantly moderate (54.7%). A double burden of malnutrition was evident: chronic malnutrition (height/age < -2 SD) in 40.7% and acute malnutrition (weight/height < -2 SD) in 23.3%. A positive and significant association was found between social determinants (education and family economy) and nutritional status (rho = 0.350; p = 0.002). In addition, the deterioration in height/age worsened with age (p = 0.035), indicating cumulative damage. Although average hemoglobin levels improved slightly from 5.8 g/dL in 2019 to 7.2 g/dL in 2024, they remain insufficient. Conclusions: Social determinants are key factors in the persistence of childhood anemia. Targeted interventions are insufficient, highlighting the urgent need for a comprehensive multisectoral approach to mitigate this structural problem in marginal urban areas of Puno.
Childhood anemia is a critical public health problem in Puno, Peru, with significant impacts on children's physical and cognitive development. This study aimed to analyze the social determinants and their relationship with the incidence of anemia in children under 5 years of age in marginal urban areas of the city. Materials and Methods: A mixed-method study was developed, combining a longitudinal quasi-experimental design (2019-2024) and a cross-sectional analysis in a sample of 120 children. Biochemical, anthropometric, and socioeconomic data were collected through questionnaires administered to parents. Nutritional status was assessed using height-for-age and weight-for-height indicators, and Spearman's correlation analysis was applied to determine associations between social determinants and child nutrition. Results: The total prevalence of anemia was 80.7%, predominantly moderate (54.7%). A double burden of malnutrition was evident: chronic malnutrition (height/age < -2 SD) in 40.7% and acute malnutrition (weight/height < -2 SD) in 23.3%. A positive and significant association was found between social determinants (education and family economy) and nutritional status (rho = 0.350; p = 0.002). In addition, the deterioration in height/age worsened with age (p = 0.035), indicating cumulative damage. Although average hemoglobin levels improved slightly from 5.8 g/dL in 2019 to 7.2 g/dL in 2024, they remain insufficient. Conclusions: Social determinants are key factors in the persistence of childhood anemia. Targeted interventions are insufficient, highlighting the urgent need for a comprehensive multisectoral approach to mitigate this structural problem in marginal urban areas of Puno.
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Vol. 8, No. 24