Tratamiento quirúrgico de la mediastinitis necrotizante descendente. Serie de casos en un hospital de tercer nivel de Bolivia.
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Rev. Inv. Inf. Sal.
Abstract
La mediastinitis necrotizante descendente es una infección grave con mortalidad elevada (17- 25%), asociada frecuentemente a focos odontogénicos (48.6%) y diagnósticos tardíos. Su manejo exige abordaje quirúrgico agresivo y multidisciplinario. El objetivo fue describir los resultados de la técnica quirúrgica de una serie de casos con abordaje combinado multidisciplinario e innovador en el contexto de un hospital boliviano de tercer nivel (2014-2024). Estudio retrospectivo de un Censo de 31 pacientes, clasificados según gradación de Guan (modificación de Endo). Se realizó cervicotomía amplia + toracoscopia uniportal bilateral con lavado mediastínico continuo (toracoclisis). Datos analizados en SPSS v23. Los resultados destacan promedio de edad de los participantes de 46.6 ±16.2 años; 67.7% hombres. Causa más frecuente odontogénica con 48.6% de los casos. Infecciones polimicrobianas en el 55% de los eventos. Según clasificación de Guan Tipo I/II (32.3% cada uno) y III (22.6%). Necesidad de intervenciones; 100% requirieron ≥2 cirugías y 32.3%, ≥3 reintervenciones. La técnica combinada cervicotorácica con toracoclisis demostró superioridad en el control de la sepsis y reducción de reintervenciones. El retraso diagnóstico y el manejo inicial inadecuado persistieron como desafíos. El abordaje multidisciplinario con drenaje mediastínico completo y lavado continuo optimiza los resultados de sobrevida y días de internación hospitalaria.
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a serious infection with high mortality (17-25%), frequently associated with odontogenic foci (48.6%) and delayed diagnosis. Its management requires an aggressive and multidisciplinary surgical approach. The objective was to describe the results of a surgical technique in a series of cases using a combined, multidisciplinary, and innovative approach in the context of a bolivian tertiary care hospital (2014-2024). This was a retrospective study of 31 patients, classified according to the Guan grading system (Endo modification). A wide cervicotomy and bilateral uniportal thoracoscopy with continuous mediastinal lavage (thoracoclysis) were performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS v23. The results show a mean age of 46.6 ± 16.2 years for the participants; 67.7% were male. The most frequent cause was odontogenic, accounting for 48.6% of cases. Polymicrobial infections were present in 55% of the cases. According to Guan classification Type I/II (32.3% each) and III (22.6%), 100% of patients required ≥2 surgeries, and 32.3% required ≥3 reinterventions. The combined cervicothoracic technique with thoracoclysis demonstrated superiority in sepsis control and reduced reinterventions. Diagnostic delay and inadequate initial management remained challenges. A multidisciplinary approach with complete mediastinal drainage and continuous lavage optimizes survival outcomes and reduces length of hospital stay.
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a serious infection with high mortality (17-25%), frequently associated with odontogenic foci (48.6%) and delayed diagnosis. Its management requires an aggressive and multidisciplinary surgical approach. The objective was to describe the results of a surgical technique in a series of cases using a combined, multidisciplinary, and innovative approach in the context of a bolivian tertiary care hospital (2014-2024). This was a retrospective study of 31 patients, classified according to the Guan grading system (Endo modification). A wide cervicotomy and bilateral uniportal thoracoscopy with continuous mediastinal lavage (thoracoclysis) were performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS v23. The results show a mean age of 46.6 ± 16.2 years for the participants; 67.7% were male. The most frequent cause was odontogenic, accounting for 48.6% of cases. Polymicrobial infections were present in 55% of the cases. According to Guan classification Type I/II (32.3% each) and III (22.6%), 100% of patients required ≥2 surgeries, and 32.3% required ≥3 reinterventions. The combined cervicothoracic technique with thoracoclysis demonstrated superiority in sepsis control and reduced reinterventions. Diagnostic delay and inadequate initial management remained challenges. A multidisciplinary approach with complete mediastinal drainage and continuous lavage optimizes survival outcomes and reduces length of hospital stay.
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Vol. 20, No. 49